A gravitational search algorithm(GSA)uses gravitational force among individuals to evolve population.Though GSA is an effective population-based algorithm,it exhibits low search performance and premature convergence.T...A gravitational search algorithm(GSA)uses gravitational force among individuals to evolve population.Though GSA is an effective population-based algorithm,it exhibits low search performance and premature convergence.To ameliorate these issues,this work proposes a multi-layered GSA called MLGSA.Inspired by the two-layered structure of GSA,four layers consisting of population,iteration-best,personal-best and global-best layers are constructed.Hierarchical interactions among four layers are dynamically implemented in different search stages to greatly improve both exploration and exploitation abilities of population.Performance comparison between MLGSA and nine existing GSA variants on twenty-nine CEC2017 test functions with low,medium and high dimensions demonstrates that MLGSA is the most competitive one.It is also compared with four particle swarm optimization variants to verify its excellent performance.Moreover,the analysis of hierarchical interactions is discussed to illustrate the influence of a complete hierarchy on its performance.The relationship between its population diversity and fitness diversity is analyzed to clarify its search performance.Its computational complexity is given to show its efficiency.Finally,it is applied to twenty-two CEC2011 real-world optimization problems to show its practicality.展开更多
Although domestic ducks have been important poultry species throughout human history,their origin remains enigmatic,with mallards and/or Chinese spot-billed ducks being proposed as the direct wild ancestor(s)of domest...Although domestic ducks have been important poultry species throughout human history,their origin remains enigmatic,with mallards and/or Chinese spot-billed ducks being proposed as the direct wild ancestor(s)of domestic ducks.Here,we analyzed 118 whole genomes from mallard,Chinese spotbilled,and domestic ducks to reconstruct their evolutionary history.We found pervasive introgression patterns among these duck populations.Furthermore,we showed that domestic ducks separated from mallard and Chinese spotbilled ducks nearly 38 thousand years ago(kya)and 54 kya,respectively,which is considerably outside the time period of presumed duck domestication.Thus,our results suggest that domestic ducks may have originated from another wild duck population that is currently undefined or unsampled,rather than from present-day mallard and/or Chinese spot-billed ducks,as previously thought.Overall,this study provides new insight into the complex evolution of ducks.展开更多
Discussions related to land use in Turkey in recent years has been increasing. These discussions are mostly between those who want to protect the natural environment and those who demand other sectoral investment area...Discussions related to land use in Turkey in recent years has been increasing. These discussions are mostly between those who want to protect the natural environment and those who demand other sectoral investment areas. However, there has not been a comprehensive and holistic study assessment of the land use, except for local studies. For this reason, the present study has been conducted in order to reveal the change in land use in the country’s geography. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the literature was reviewed, institutional data were compiled, and the results of previous local studies were evaluated using appropriate methods. Factors affecting land use were examined in the study and it was seen from the findings that significant land use changes occurred in the last 75 years. Although land use suitable for natural structure was common in advance, after the 1980s sectoral needs came to the fore. With the accelerated urbanization and industrialization, tourism, mining and dam areas have become widespread. It has been determined that there is a need for new scientific studies on land use, revision of ineffective laws, and national land use plans that take into account the sectoral needs in order to reduce the discussions.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61872271,61673403,61873105,11972115)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120190208)JSPS KAKENHI(JP17K12751)。
文摘A gravitational search algorithm(GSA)uses gravitational force among individuals to evolve population.Though GSA is an effective population-based algorithm,it exhibits low search performance and premature convergence.To ameliorate these issues,this work proposes a multi-layered GSA called MLGSA.Inspired by the two-layered structure of GSA,four layers consisting of population,iteration-best,personal-best and global-best layers are constructed.Hierarchical interactions among four layers are dynamically implemented in different search stages to greatly improve both exploration and exploitation abilities of population.Performance comparison between MLGSA and nine existing GSA variants on twenty-nine CEC2017 test functions with low,medium and high dimensions demonstrates that MLGSA is the most competitive one.It is also compared with four particle swarm optimization variants to verify its excellent performance.Moreover,the analysis of hierarchical interactions is discussed to illustrate the influence of a complete hierarchy on its performance.The relationship between its population diversity and fitness diversity is analyzed to clarify its search performance.Its computational complexity is given to show its efficiency.Finally,it is applied to twenty-two CEC2011 real-world optimization problems to show its practicality.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(1908085QC143)the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Anhui Agricultural University(yj2018-51)。
文摘Although domestic ducks have been important poultry species throughout human history,their origin remains enigmatic,with mallards and/or Chinese spot-billed ducks being proposed as the direct wild ancestor(s)of domestic ducks.Here,we analyzed 118 whole genomes from mallard,Chinese spotbilled,and domestic ducks to reconstruct their evolutionary history.We found pervasive introgression patterns among these duck populations.Furthermore,we showed that domestic ducks separated from mallard and Chinese spotbilled ducks nearly 38 thousand years ago(kya)and 54 kya,respectively,which is considerably outside the time period of presumed duck domestication.Thus,our results suggest that domestic ducks may have originated from another wild duck population that is currently undefined or unsampled,rather than from present-day mallard and/or Chinese spot-billed ducks,as previously thought.Overall,this study provides new insight into the complex evolution of ducks.
文摘Discussions related to land use in Turkey in recent years has been increasing. These discussions are mostly between those who want to protect the natural environment and those who demand other sectoral investment areas. However, there has not been a comprehensive and holistic study assessment of the land use, except for local studies. For this reason, the present study has been conducted in order to reveal the change in land use in the country’s geography. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the literature was reviewed, institutional data were compiled, and the results of previous local studies were evaluated using appropriate methods. Factors affecting land use were examined in the study and it was seen from the findings that significant land use changes occurred in the last 75 years. Although land use suitable for natural structure was common in advance, after the 1980s sectoral needs came to the fore. With the accelerated urbanization and industrialization, tourism, mining and dam areas have become widespread. It has been determined that there is a need for new scientific studies on land use, revision of ineffective laws, and national land use plans that take into account the sectoral needs in order to reduce the discussions.